NOTE: For each class session, the following schedule includes a topic statement, a list of required readings and a description of the assignment (if any) that is to be included in the student's journal. Required readings are listed in the order in which they should be read. The journal assignment and all required readings are to be completed before the scheduled class session. Recommended readings are grouped loosely by general topic; and, within each topic, individual readings are listed alphabetically. Recommended readings may be read in any order at any point across the semester.

Recommended readings:

Introduction

Journaling

Readings for Session 2:

Lancaster, F. W. (1998). Abstracts: types and functions. In Indexing and abstracting in theory and practice, 2nd ed. (p. 94-106). Champaign, IL: Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois.

Assignment for Session 2:

David, C., et al. (1995). Indexing as problem solving: a cognitive approach to consistency. In T. Kinney (Ed.), Forging New Partnerships in Information: Converging Technologies: Proceedings of the 58th ASIS Annual Meeting (p. 49-55). Medford, NJ: Information Today for the American Society for Information Science.

Tibbo, H, R. 1992. Abstracting across the disciplines: a content analysis of abstracts from the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the humanities with implications for abstracting standards and online information retrieval. Library & Information Science Research, 14. 31-56.

Randi, J. (1996). Investigating miracles, Italian-style. Scientific American (February 1996), 136.

Recommended readings:

Borko, H., & Bernier, C. L. (1975). Characteristics and types of abstracts. In Abstracting concepts and methods (p. 3-24). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Fidel, R. (1986). Writing abstracts for free-text searching. Journal of Documentation, 42 (1), 11-21.

Lancaster, F. W. (1998). Writing the abstract. In Indexing and abstracting in theory and practice, 2nd ed. (p. 107-126). Champaign, IL: Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois.

Readings for Session 3:

Shannon, C.E.,& Weaver, W. (1963/1949). The mathematical theory of communication (p. 31-35 only). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Buckland, M. (1991). Information as thing. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 42, 351-360. Available at: http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~buckland/thing.html

Seely Brown, J. & Duguid, P. (2000). Introduction. In The social life of information (p. 1-9). Boston: Harvard University Press.

Agre, P.E. (1995). Institutional circuitry: thinking about the forms and uses of information. Information technology and libraries, 14(4). 225-230. Available at: http://dlis.gseis.ucla.edu/people/pagre/circuitry.html

Reddy, M.J. (1979). The conduit metaphor -- a case of frame conflict in our language about language. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (p. 284-297 only). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Assignment for Session 3:

Buckland, M. (1998). What is a "Document"?. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 48(9), 804-809. Preprint available at: http://sims.berkeley.edu/~buckland/whatdoc.html

Day, R.E. (2000). The "conduit metaphor" and the nature and politics of information studies. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 51(9), 805-811.

Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphorical systematicity: highlighting and hiding. In Metaphors we live by (p. 10-13). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Machlup, F., & Mansfield, U. (1983). Cultural diversity in studies of information. In F. Machlup & U. Mansfield (Eds.), The study of information: Interdisciplinary messages (p. 3-39). New York: John Wiley.

Raitz, K.L. (1992). The myth of easy reading. Philosophy of Education. Available at: http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-yearbook/92_docs/RAITZ.HTM

Rayward, W.B. (1997). The origins of information science and the International Institute of Bibliography/International Federation for Information and Documentation (FID). Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 48(4), 289-300.

Wersig, G. (1997). Information theory. In J. Feather and P. Sturges (Eds.), International encyclopedia of information and library science (p. 220-223 only). London: Routledge.

Wilson, P. (1978). Some fundamental concepts of information retrieval. Drexel Library Quarterly 14(2), 10-24.

Readings for Session 4:

Barsalou, L. W. (1992). Representation. In Cognitive Psychology: an overview for cognitive scientists (p. 52-56 only). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

McCloud, S. (1994). Understanding comics: the invisible art (p. 26-41). New York: HarperCollins.

Zerubavel, E. (1991). Islands of meaning (p. 5-20). The great divide (p. 21-32). The fine line: making distinctions in everyday life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the flesh: the embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought (p. 3-36). New York: Basic Books.

Peat, F. D. (1993). Science as story. In C. Simpkinson and A. Simpkinson (Eds.), Sacred stories (p. 53-62). San Francisco: Harper.

Assignment for Session 4:

Arnheim, R. (1969). Words in their place. In Visual thinking (p. 226-253). Berkeley: University of California Press.

Brown, R. (1958). How shall a thing be called? Psychological Review 65, 14-21.

Schank, R., and Kass, A. (1988). Knowledge representation in people and machines. In U. Eco, M. Santambrogio and P. Violi (Eds.), Meaning and mental representation (p. 181-200). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Zerubavel, E. (1991) The rigid mind (p. 33-60). The fuzzy mind (p. 81-114). The fine line: making distinctions in everyday life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Part I. Mental models. Scripts, schemas and frames

Readings for Session 5:

Norman, D. A. (1983). Some observations on mental models. In D. Gentner and A. L. Stevens (Eds.), Mental models (p. 7-14). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Rumelhart, D. E. (1984). Schemata and the cognitive system. In Wyer and Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition, vol. 1 (p. 161-188). Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Hammond, T.H. (1993). Toward a general theory of hierarchy: books, bureaucrats, basketball tournaments and the administrative structure of the nation-state. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 3(1), 120-145.

Wurman, R. S. (1989). The understanding business. In Information anxiety: what to do when information doesn't tell you what you need to know (p. 51-82). New York: Doubleday. 1989.

Assignment for Session 5:

Engle, M. (1998). Remythologizing work: the role of archetypal images in the humanization of librarianship. Available at: http://urislib.library.cornell.edu/archetype.html

DeCandido, G. A. (1999). Bibliographic good vs. evil in Buffy the Vampire Slayer. American Libraries (September), 44-47.

Bower, B. (1996). Fighting stereotype stigma. ScinceNewsOnline (june 29, 1996). Available at: http://www.sciencenews.org/sn_arch/6_29_96/bob1.htm

Hirschheim, R., and Klein, H. K. (1989). Four paradigms of information systems development. Communications of ACM 32 (10), 1199-1216.

Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review 63, 81-87.

Readings for Session 6:

Jacob, E. K. (1991). Classification and categorization: drawing the line. In B. H. Kwasnik and R. Fidel (Eds.), Advances in classification research, vol. 2 (p. 67-83). Washington D.C.: American Society for Information Science.

Jacob, E.K., & Albrechtsen, H. (1997). Constructing reality: the role of dialogue in the development of classificatory structures. In I. C. McIlwaine (Ed.), Knowledge organization for information retrieval: Proceedings of the 6th International Study Conference on Classification Research, 14-16 June 1997, London (pp. 42-50). The Hague, Netherlands: International Federation for Documentation.

Assignment for Session 6:

Bliss, H. E. (1934). The problem of classification for libraries. In The Organization of knowledge in libraries and the subject approach to books (p. 1-20). New York: H. W. Wilson.

Jacob, E.K. (2000). The legacy of pragmatism: implications for knowledge organization in a pluralistic universe. In C. Beghtol, L.C. Howarth and N.J. Williamson, Dynamism and stability in knowledge organization: proceedings of the Sixth International ISKO Conference, 10-13 July 2000, Toronto, Canada (pp. 16-22). Würzburg, Germany: Ergon Verlag.

Parsons, J., and Wand, Y. (1997). Choosing classes in conceptual modeling. Communications of the ACM 40 (6), 63-69.

Shapiro, J.J., and Hughes, S.K. (Accessed 08.15.00). The personal meaning scheme as principle of information ordering: postmodernism, transdisciplinarity, and the ontology of classification. Available at: http://www.iath.virginia.edu/ach-allc.99/proceedings/shapiro.html

Shera, J. H. (1965/1957). Pattern, structure, and conceptualization in classification for information retrieval. In Libraries and the organization of knowledge (p. 112-128). Hamden, CT: Archon.

Ward, T.B. (1993). Processing biases, knowledge and context in category formation. In G.V. Nakamura, D.L. Medin & R. Taraban (Eds.), Categorization by humans and Machines. Psychology of learning and motivation vol. 29, (pp. 257-281). San Diego: Academic Press.

Zerubavel, E. (1991) The social lens (p. 61-81). The fine line: making distinctions in everyday life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Readings for Session 7:

Studer, P.A. (1977). Classification as a general systems construct. In B.M. Fry & C.A. Shepherd (Comp.), Information management in the 1980's: Proceedings of the[40th] ASIS Annual Meeting, Chicago, Illinois, September 26-October 1, 1977 (pp. 67, G6-G14, A1-A9). White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry for American Society for Information Science.

Hunter, E. J. (1988). Classification made simple. Aldershot: Gower.

Dewey, M. (1972/1927). Decimal classification and relativ [sic] index. In A. F. Painter (Ed.), Reader in classification and descriptive cataloging (p. 81-86). NCR Microcard Editions.

Jacob, E. K. (1994). Classification and crossdisciplinary communication: breaching the boundaries imposed by classificatory structure. In H. Albrechtsen and S. Oernager (Eds.), Knowledge organization and quality management: Advances in knowledge organization, vol. 4 (p. 101-108). Frankfurt/Main: Indeks Verlag.

Assignment for Session 7:

Bliss, H. E. (1934). The principles of classification for libraries. In The Organization of knowledge in libraries and the subject approach to books (p. 21-46). New York: H. W. Wilson.

Buchanan, B. (1979). Theory of library classification. (p. 7-44). London: Clive Bingley.

Chan, L.M. and Hodges, T.L. (2000). The Library of Congress Classification. In R. Marcella and A. Maltby (Eds.), The future of classification (p. 105-128). Aldershot: Gower.

Dewey, M. (1972/1876). Catalogs and cataloging. In A. F. Painter (Ed.), Reader in classification and descriptive cataloging (p. 7-14). NCR Microcard Editions.

Donovan, J. M. (1991). Patron expectations about collocation: measuring the difference between the psychologically real and the really real. Cataloging and classification quarterly, 13 (2), 23-41.

Frohmann, B. (1994). The social construction of knowledge organization: the case of Melvil Dewey. In H. Albrechtsen and S. Oernager (Eds.), Knowledge organization and quality management: Advances in knowledge organization, vol. 4 (p. 109-117). Frankfurt/Main: Indeks Verlag.

Mann, T. (Accessed 2000.01.06). Height shelving threat to the nation’s libraries. Available at: http://students.cua.edu/org/slislab/shelving.htm

Mitchell, J.S. (2000). The Dewey Decimal Classification in the twenty-first century. In R. Marcella and A. Maltby (Eds.), The future of classification (p. 81-92). Aldershot: Gower.

Olson, H. (1994). Universal models: a history of the organization of knowledge. In H. Albrechtsen and S. Oernager (Eds.), Knowledge organization and quality management: Advances in knowledge organization, vol. 4 (p. 72-80). Frankfurt/Main: Indeks Verlag.

Pietris, M. K. (1990). Library of Congress classification. In B. G. Bengtson and J. S. Hill (Eds.), Classification of library materials: current and future potential for providing access (p. 60-80). New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers.

Shera, J. H. (1965/1950). Classification as the basis of bibliographic organization. In Libraries and the organization of knowledge (p. 77-96). Hamden, CT: Archon.

Shera, J. H. (1965/1961). The dignity and advancement of Bacon. In Libraries and the organization of knowledge (p. 143-150). Hamden, CT: Archon.

Readings for Session 8:

Soergel, D. (1985). Chapter 14: Index language structure I: conceptual. In Organizing information (p. 251-287). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Faceted classifications and thesauri [Last modified: 1997]. Avialable at: http://is.gseis.ucla.edu/impact/f95/Papers-projects/Papers/perles.html

Priss, U., and Jacob, E.K. (1999). Utilizing faceted structures for information systems design. In L. Woods (Ed.), Knowledge, Creation, Organization and Use: Proceedings of the 62nd ASIS Annual Meeting (p. 203-212). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Sanders, G. L. (1995). Introduction to data modeling concepts. In Data modeling (p. 16-38). Danvers, Mass.: Boyd Frasier.

5 rules of data normalization. [1999]. Available at: http://www.eng.us.uu.net/staff/truddick/datanorm.html

Assignment for Session 8:

Bearman, D., and Peterson, T. (1991). Retrieval requirements of faceted thesauri in interactive information systems. In S. M. Humphrey and B. H. Kwasnik (Eds.), Advances in classification research, vol. 1 (p. 9-23). Medford, NJ: Learned Information.

Foskett, A.C. (2000). The future of faceted classification. In R. Marcella and A. Maltby (Eds.), The future of classification (p. 69-80). Aldershot: Gower.

Jacob, E.K., & Priss, U. (In press). Non-traditional indexing structures for the management of electronic resources. In H. Albrechtsen and J.-E. Mai (Eds.), Advances in classification research, vol. 10. Medford, NJ: Information Today for the American Society for Information Science. Revision of: Jacob, E.K., & Priss, U. (1999). Application of faceted classification structures in electronic knowledge resources. In H. Albrechtsen and J.-E. Mai (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th ASIS SIG/CR Classification Research Workshop (pp. 87-106). Silver Spring, MD: American Society for Information Science.

Maniez, J. (1991). Are classifications still relevant in databases? In G. Negrini, T. Farnesi and D. Benediktsson (Eds.), Documentary languages and databases (p. 120-129). Frankfurt/Main: Indeks Verlag.

McIlwaine, I. (1998). The Universal Decimal Classification. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 48(4), 31-339.

McIlwaine, I.C. (2000). UDC in the twenty-first century. In R. Marcella and A. Maltby (Eds.), The future of classification (p. 93-104). Aldershot: Gower.

Music Library Association. Working Group on Faceted Access to Music. (1994). Discussion paper: Faceted access to music: possibilities and ramifications. Available at: http://www.music.indiana.edu/tech_s/mla/wgfam.dis

Priss, U. (2000). Comparing classification systems using facets. In C. Beghtol, L.C. Howarth and N.J. Williamson, Dynamism and stability in knowledge organization: proceedings of the Sixth International ISKO Conference, 10-13 July 2000, Toronto, Canada (p. 170-175). Würzburg, Germany: Ergon Verlag.

Ranganathan, S. R. (1962). Canons of classification. In Elements of library classification (p. 45-70). Bombay: Asia Publishing House.

Vickery, B. C. (1966). Intoduction to faceted classification (p. 9-18). Faceted classification schemes. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers School of Library Service.

Williamson, N., and McIlwaine, I. C. (1994). A feasibility study on the restructuring of the Universal Decimal Classification into a fully faceted classification system. In H. Albrechtsen and S. Oernager (Eds.), Advances in Knowledge Organization, vol. 4 (p. 406-413). Frankfurt/Main: Indeks Verlag.

Readings for Session 9:

Buckland, M. (1999) Vocabulary as a central concept in library and information science. In T. Arpanac et al. (Eds.), Digital libraries: interdisciplinary concepts, challenges, and opportunities. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Conceptions of Library and Information Science [CoLIS3] 23-26 May 1999, Dubrovnik, Croatia, (p 3-12. Zagreb: Lokve. Available at: http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~buckland/colisvoc.htm

Soergel, D. (1985). Chapter 12: Terminological control (p. 213-222). Chapter 13: Index language functions (p. 225-249). Organizing information , San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Wellisch, H.H. (1995). Indexing languages: natural and controlled (p. 214-217). Indexing from A to Z, 2nd ed. New York: H.W. Wilson.

Soergel, D. (1999). The rise of ontologies or the reinvention of classification. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(12), 1119-1120.

Wenger, E., & Snyder, W. (2000). Communities of practice: the organizational fontier. Harvard Business Review (Jauary-February 2000), 139-145.

Assignment for Session 9:

Lancaster, F. W. (1998). Natural language versus controlled vocabulary: some general

considerations. In Indexing and abstracting in theory and practice, 2nd ed. (p. 227-

232). Champaign, IL: Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University

of Illinois.

In your journal, evaluate the effectiveness of indexing by extraction and indexing by assignment by contrasting the advantages and disadvantages of natural language and controlled vocabulary

Ambroziak, J., and Woods, W.A. (1988). Natural language technology in precision content retrieval. Palo Alto, CA: Sun Microsystems Laboratories, Available at: http://www.sun.com/research/techrep/1998/smli_tr-98-69.pdf

American Society of Indexers. (1996). Frequently asked questions about indexing. Available at: http://www.asindexing.org/indfaq.shtml

Bowker, L. (2000). A corpus-based investigation of variation in the organization of medical terms. In C. Beghtol, L.C. Howarth and N.J. Williamson, Dynamism and stability in knowledge organization: proceedings of the Sixth International ISKO Conference, 10-13 July 2000, Toronto, Canada (pp. 71-76). Würzburg, Germany: Ergon Verlag.

Broughton, V. (2000). Structural, linguistic and mathematical elements in indexing languages and search engines: implications for the use of index languages in electronic and non-LIS environments. In C. Beghtol, L.C. Howarth and N.J. Williamson, Dynamism and stability in knowledge organization: proceedings of the Sixth International ISKO Conference, 10-13 July 2000, Toronto, Canada (pp. 206-212). Würzburg, Germany: Ergon Verlag.

Buckland, M. (1999). Vocabulary as a central concept in library and information science. Available at: http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~buckland/colisvoc.htm

Fabris, P. (1999). Youth think tomaytoes, I think tomahtoes. CIO WebBusiness (August 1, 1999). Available at: http://www.cio.com/archive/webbusiness/040199_nort_content.html

Green, R. (1992). Insights into classification from the cognitive sciences: Ramifications for index languages. In N. J. Williamson and M. Hudson (Eds.), Classification research for knowledge representation and organization (p. 215-222). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Huber, J. and Gillaspy, M.L. (2000). An examination of the discourse of homosexuality as reflected in medical vocabularies, classificatory structures, and information resources. In C. Beghtol, L.C. Howarth and N.J. Williamson, Dynamism and stability in knowledge organization: proceedings of the Sixth International ISKO Conference, 10-13 July 2000, Toronto, Canada (pp. 219-223). Würzburg, Germany: Ergon Verlag.

Hunter, E. (2000). Do we still need classification. In R. Marcella and A. Maltby (Eds.), The future of classification (p. 1-18). Aldershot: Gower.

Jacob, E.K. (2000). The legacy of pragmatism: implications for knowledge organization in a pluralistic universe. In C. Beghtol, L.C. Howarth and N.J. Williamson, Dynamism and stability in knowledge organization: proceedings of the Sixth International ISKO Conference, 10-13 July 2000, Toronto, Canada (pp. 16-22). Würzburg, Germany: Ergon Verlag.

Pejtersen, A.M. and Albrechtsen, H. (2000). Ecological work based classification schemes. In C. Beghtol, L.C. Howarth and N.J. Williamson, Dynamism and stability in knowledge organization: proceedings of the Sixth International ISKO Conference, 10-13 July 2000, Toronto, Canada (pp. 97-109). Würzburg, Germany: Ergon Verlag.

Shera, J. H. (1965/1960). What lies ahead in classification. In J. H. Shera, Libraries and the organization of knowledge (p. 129-142). Hamden, CT: Archon Books.

Vickery, B.C. (1966). Aspects of information retrieval (p. 23-39). Faceted classification schemes. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers School of Library Service.

Williamson, N. (1998). An interdisciplinary world and discipline based classification. In W. M. el Hadi, J. Maniez, & S. A. Pollitt (eds.), Structures and relations in knowledge organization: Proceedings of the Fifth International ISKO Conference, 25-29 August 1998, Lille, France (p. 116-124). Würzburg, Germany: Ergon Verlag

Readings for Session 10:

Batty, D. (1977). The entity-process combination as a necessary principle in classification. In B.M. Fry & C.A. Shepherd (Comp.), Information management in the 1980's: Proceedings of the[40th] ASIS Annual Meeting, Chicago, Illinois, September 26-October 1, 1977 (pp. 69, D7-D13). White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry for American Society for Information Science.

Foskett, A.C. (1996). Chapter 8: Alphabetical subject headings: Cutter to Austin (p. 123-146); Chapter 23: Library of Congress Subject Headings (p. 336-347). The subject approach to information, 5th ed. London: Library Association Publishing.

Taylor, A. G. (1995). On the subject of subjects. Journal of Academic Librarianship 21(6), 484-491.

Levy, D. M. (1995). Cataloguing in the digital order: Paper regarding the future of cataloguing, from the Digital Libraries 95 conference. Available at: http://csdl.tamu.edu/DL95/papers/keywords.html

Holmes, N. (2001). The KWIC and the dead: a lesson in computing history. Computer 34(1), 144, 142-143.

Assignment for Session 10:

• Write indicative and informative abstracts for the Bush article.

• Provide two sets of terms that could be used to index the Bush article:

1) indexing by extraction -- generate a set of key words taken from the text

and/or the abstract;

2) indexing by assignment -- using the ASIS thesaurus, identify a set of postcoordinate

descriptors. The electronic version of the ASIS thesaurus is available at

http://www.asis.org/Publications/Thesaurus/tnhome1.htm

• Assuming that Bush's article is a monograph, use the print format of Library of Congress Subject Headings (also known as LCSH or "the red books") to identify three or more subject headings that represent the intellectual content of this work. Which of these subject headings would lead to the single "most appropriate" representation of Bush's work?

• Using the electronic versions of DDC (available at http://www.tnrdlib.bc.ca/dewey.html) and LCC (available at: http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/lcco/lcco.html), identify the one class in each system that best accords with your "most appropriate" subject heading.

• Bring your abstracts, your two sets of index terms, your list of subject heading(s) and your DDC and LCC class numbers to class.

Kilgour, F. G. (1998). Origins of coordinate searching. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 48(4), 340-348.

Svenonius, E., et al. (1992). Automation of chain indexing. In N. J. Williamson and M. Hudon (Eds.), Classification research for knowledge representation and organization (p. 351-364). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Drabenstott, K.M., Simcox, S., & Fenton, E.G. (1999). End-user understandings of subject headings in library catalogs. Library Resources & Technical Services 43(3), 140-160.

Wenger, E. (2000). Communities of practice and social learning systems. Organization 7(2), 225-246.

Readings for Session 11:

Eddison, B., and Batty, D. (1988). Database design: words, words, words -- descriptors, subject headings, index terms. Database 11 (6), 109-113. [This is the first of two related articles and serves as an introduction to the following article by David Batty.]

Batty, D. (1989). Thesaurus construction and maintenance: a survival kit. Database 12 (1), 13-20.

Batty, D. (1998). WWW -- Wealth, Weariness or Waste: Controlled vocabulary and thesauri in support of online information access. D-Lib Magazine, November 1998. Available at: http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/edoc/aw/d-lib/dlib/november98/11batty.html

Aitchison, J., and Gilchrist, A. (1987). Planning and design of thesauri (p. 3-10). Vocabulary control (p. 12-22). Specificity and compound terms (p. 23-33). Structure: basic relationships and classification (p. 34-60). In Thesaurus construction: a practical manual, 2nd ed. London: Aslib.

Dykstra, M. (1988). LC subject headings disguised as a thesaurus. Library Journal 113(4), 42-46.

Assignment for Session 11:

Dykstra, M. (1988). Can subject headings be saved? Library Journal, 113, 55-58.

Calzolari, N. (1988). The dictionary and the thesaurus can be combined. In M. W. Evans (Ed.), Relational models of the lexicon (p. 75-95). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Johnson, E. H. (1995). A hypertext interface for a searcher's thesaurus. Available at: http://csdl.tamu.edu/DL95/

Riesthuis, G.J.A. (2000). Multilingual subject access and the Guidelines for the extablishment and development of multilingual thesauri. In C. Beghtol, L.C. Howarth and N.J. Williamson, Dynamism and stability in knowledge organization: proceedings of the Sixth International ISKO Conference, 10-13 July 2000, Toronto, Canada (pp. 131-135). Würzburg, Germany: Ergon Verlag.

Vorhees, E. M. (1998). Using WordNet for text retrieval. In C. Fellbaum (Ed.), WordNet: an electronic lexical database (p. 285-303). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Williamson, N.J. (2000). Thesauri in the digital age: stability and dynamism in their development and use. In C. Beghtol, L.C. Howarth and N.J. Williamson, Dynamism and stability in knowledge organization: proceedings of the Sixth International ISKO Conference, 10-13 July 2000, Toronto, Canada (pp. 268-274). Würzburg, Germany: Ergon Verlag.

Listings of online thesauri

Queensland University of Technology.

Homepage available at: http://www.fit.qut.edu.au/InfoSys/middle/cont_voc.html

List of thesauri available at: http://www.fit.qut.edu.au/InfoSys/middle/cont_voc.html#Thesauri

Ramsey, M., Chen, H., and Zhu, B. (1007). A collection of visual thesauri for browsing large collections of geographic images. Available at: http://ai.bpa.arizona.edu/~mramsey/papers/visualThesaurus/visualThesaurus.html

Readings for Session 12:

Organizing Digital Collections

Steinberg, S. G. (1996). Seek and ye shall find (maybe). Wired (May 1996), 108-114. Available at: http://www.wired.com:80/wired/archive/4.05/indexweb_pr.html

Mulvaney, N. (1996). Comments on Steinberg’s article about Web indexing. Available at: http://www.mnsinc.com/curr/nanindex.htm

Information Architecture

Metadata

Milstead, J., & Feldman, S. (1999). Metadata projects and standards. Online (January 1999). Available at: http://www.onlineinc.com/onlinemag/OL1999/milstead1.html#projects

Assignment for Session 12:

Organizing Digital Collections

Brooks, F. P. (1996). The computer scientist as toolsmith II. Communications of the ACM 39 (3), 61-68.

Buchanan, L. (1999). The smartest little company in America. Inc. (January 1999), 48 ff.

Buckland, M., & et al. (1999). Mapping entry vocabulary to unfamiliar metadata vocabularies. D-Lib Magazine 5(1). Available at: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january99/buckland/01buckland.html

Coffman, S. (1999). Building earth's largest library: driving into the future. Searcher, 7(3). Available at: http://www.infotoday.com/searcher/mar99/coffman.htm

Denenberg, R. (1996). Structuring and indexing the Internet. Available at: http://lcweb.loc.gov/z3950/agency/papers/italy.html

Filman, R. E., & Pant, S. (1998). Searching the Internet. IEEE Internet Computing (Aug.). Available at: http://computer.org/internet

Frank, D.G., et al. (1999). The changing nature of reference and information services: predictions and realities. Reference & User Services Quarterly, 39(2), 151-157.

Gudivada, V. N., Raghavan, V. V., Grosky, W. I., & Kasanagottu, R. (1997). Information retrieval on the World Wide Web. IEEE Internet Computing (Sept.-Oct.). Available at: http://computer.org/internet

Hahn, T.B. (1998). Text retrieval online: historical perspective on web search engines. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science, 24(4). Available at: ://www.asis.org/Bulletin/Apr-98/hahn.html

Hicks, M. (October 15, 2000). Ontologists give e-biz speech therapy: scientists help B2B channels develop a lingua franca to refer to products. eWEEK. Available at: http://www.zdnet.com/eweek/stories/general/0,11011,2638502,00.html

Jul, E. (1997). Cataloging Internet resources: survey and prospectus. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science, 24(1). Available at: http://www.asis.org/Bulletin/Oct-97/jul.htm

Keller, L. (November 28, 2000). Looking it up: not an endangered career. CNN.com. Available at: http://www.cnn.com/2000/CAREER/trends/11/28/librarians/index.html

Libicki, M., et al. (2000). Knowledge organization and digital libraries. Appendix C in Scaffolding the new Web: standards and standards policy for the digital economy (p. 75-90). Rand. Available at: http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1215/

Shafer, K. (1997). Scorpion helps catalog the web. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science, 24(1). Available at: http://www.asis.org/Bulletin/Oct-97/shafer.htm

Wiggins, R.W. (2000). Coping with the trillion-page Web. Library Journal Digital, October 15 2000. Available at: http://www.libraryjournal.com/trillion.asp

Woodruff, A., et al. (1996). An investigation of documents from the World Wide Web. Fifth International World Wide Web Conference, 6-10 May 1996, Paris France. Available at: http://www5conf.inria.fr/fich_html/papers/P7/Overview.html

Wright, R. (1997). Technology: the man who invented the web. Tim Berners-Lee started a revolution, but it didn't go exactly as planned. Time (5.19.1997), 64ff

Information Architecture

Metadata

Arms, W.Y. (1995). Key concepts in the architecture of the digital library. Available at: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/July95/07arms.html

Christensen, D. (1999). Golden retrievers. SLJOnline (November 1, 1999). Available at: http://www.slj.com/articles/articles/19991101_6827.asp

Cover, R. (1998). Managing names and ontologies: an XML registry and repository. Sun Microsystems. Available at: http://www.sun.com/981201/xml/

Howarth, L.C. (2000). Designing a "human understandable" metalevel ontology for enhancing resource discovery in knowledge bases. In C. Beghtol, L.C. Howarth and N.J. Williamson, Dynamism and stability in knowledge organization: proceedings of the Sixth International ISKO Conference, 10-13 July 2000, Toronto, Canada (pp. 391-397). Würzburg, Germany: Ergon Verlag.

Lagoze, C. (1997). From static to dynamic surrogates: resource discovery in the digital age. D-Lib Magazine (June 1997). Available at: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june97/06lagoze.html

Lassila, O. (1998). Web metadata: a matter of semantics. IEEE Internet Computing, 2(4), 30-37.

Miller, E. (1998). An introduction to the Resource Description Framework. D-Lib Magazine (May 1998). Available at: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/may98/miller/05miller.html

Schwartz, R. (1997). Uniform resource identifiers and the effort to bring "bibliographic control" to the Web: an overview of current progress. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science, 24(1). Available at: http://www.asis.org/Bulletin/Oct-97/schwartz.htm

Shafer, K., Weibel, S., Jul, E., & Fausey, J. (1996). Introduction to Persistent Uniform Resource Locators. Available at: http://purl.oclc.org/OCLC/PURL/INET96

Vellucci, S.L. (1997). Options for organizing electronic resources: the coexistence of metadata. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science, 24(1). Available at: http://www.asis.org/Bulletin/Oct-97/vellucci.htm

Weibel, S. (1997). Discovering online resources. The Dublin Core: A simple content description model for electronic resources. Available at: http://ahds.ac.uk/public/metadata/disc_03.html

Weibel, S. (1999). The state of the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative. D-Lib Magazine (April). Available at: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april99/04weibel.html

Automated Systems of Representation

Chan, L. M. (1990). Subject analysis tools online: The challenge ahead. Information Technology and Libraries 9(3), 258-262.

Foltz, P. W. (1990). Using latent semantic indexing for information filtering. In R. B. Allen (Ed.), Proceedings of the Conference on Office Information Systems (p. 40-47). Cambridge, MA. Available at: http://www.psych.nmsu.edu/~pfoltz/cois/filtering-cois.html

Humphrey, S. M. (1999). Automatic indexing of documents from journal descriptors: a preliminary investigation. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(8), 661-674.

Humphrey, S. M. (1992). Use and management of classification systems for knowledge-based indexing. In N. J. Williamson and M. Hudon (Eds.), Classification research for knowledge representation and organization (p. 89-100). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Knowledge Management

Murray, P.C. (Accessed January 5, 2001). Cooperative development of a classification of knowledge management functions. Available at: http://www.media-access.com/classification.html

Augmentation

Roszak, T. (1998). Evolution and the transcendence of mind. Perspectives. Originally published in Network, May 15, 1996. Available at: http://www.cmhc.com/perspectives/articles/art05964.htm

Solomon, P. (2000). Exploring structuration in knowledge organization: implications for managing the tension between stability and dynamism. In C. Beghtol, L.C. Howarth and N.J. Williamson, Dynamism and stability in knowledge organization: proceedings of the Sixth International ISKO Conference, 10-13 July 2000, Toronto, Canada (pp. 254-260). Würzburg, Germany: Ergon Verlag.

Hypertext

Nelson, T. H. (1994). Xanadu: document interconnection enabling re-use with automatic author credit and royalty accounting. Information Services & Use, 14, 255-265.

Project Xanadu. Available at: http://www.sfc.keio.ac.jp/~ted/XU/XuPageKeio.html

Rheingold, H. (1996). Life in cyberspace: the road to Xanadu has been a slow go. Newsday (11-17-1996), A66.

Saletan, W. (1998). Searching for Xanadu. Swarthmore College Bulletin, 96(3), 16-19.

Simpson, R., et al. (1996). 50 years after "As we may think": The Brown/MIT Vannevar Bush Symposium. Interactions, 3(2), 47-67.

Knowledge Management

Cronin, B., & Davenport, E. (2001). Knowledge management in higher education. In G. Bernbom (Ed.), Information alchemy: the art and science of knowledge management (p. 25-42). New York: Josey-Bass.

Davenport, E. and Rosenbaum, H. (2000). A system for organizing situational knowledge in the workplace that is based on the shape of documents In C. Beghtol, L.C. Howarth and N.J. Williamson, Dynamism and stability in knowledge organization: proceedings of the Sixth International ISKO Conference, 10-13 July 2000, Toronto, Canada (pp. 352-358). Würzburg, Germany: Ergon Verlag.

Davenport, E., and Cronin, B.C. (2000). Knowledge management: semantic drift or conceptual shift? Paper presented at annual meeting of Association for Library and Information Science Education, January 2000, San Antonio TX.

Falconer, J. (1999). The business pattern: a new tool for organizational knowledge catpure and reuse. In L. Woods (Ed.), ASIS '99: Proceedings of the 62nd ASIS Annual Meeting, Washinton DC, October 31-November 4, 1999 (pp. 313-330). Medford, NJ: Information Today for American Society for Information Science.

Lyman, P. (1999). Knowledge discovery in a networked world. In S, Criddle, L. Dempsey & R. Heseltine (Eds.), Information landscapes for a learning society. Netowrking and the future of libraries 3 (p. 75-87). New York: Josey-Bass.

Lyman, P. (2001). Knowledge discovery in a networked world. In G. Bernbom (Ed.), Information alchemy: the art and science of knowledge management (p. 43-65). New York: Josey-Bass.

Parrish-Sprowl, J. (2000). Organizational communication: linking key processes to effective development. In A.A. Moemeka (Ed.), Development communication in action: building understanding and creating participation (pp. 179-202). University Press of America.

Ruggles, R. (1997). Working paper. Knowledge tools: using technology to manage knowledge better. Ernst & Young: Center for Business Innovations. Available at: http://www.businessinnovation.ey.com/mko/html/toolsrr.html

Zand, D. (1981). From knowledge to action. In Information, organization and power (pp. 19-35). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Zand, D. (1981). The management of knowledge. In Information, organization and power (pp. 3-17). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Readings for Session 13:

Jack, C. (1999). State of the arts: current applications for indexing images. Available at: http://www.slis.ualberta.ca/599/cjack/599.htm

Chen, H., & Rasmussen, E. (1999). Intellectual access to images. Library Trends 48(2), 291-303.

Layne, S. S. (1994). Some issues in the indexing of images. JASIS, 45(8), 583-588.

Krause, M. G. (1988). Intellectual problems of indexing picture collections. Audiovisual Librarian, 14, 73-81.

Assignment for Session 13:

• University of California, Berkeley. Digital Library Project. CalPhotos image collection. Available at: http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/photos/about.shtml

How are these collections organized? Are the images represented in the system based on "ofness" or "aboutness"? What kinds of access are provided by the search facility for each system? What difficulties did you face in searching these collections? What organizational principles might you apply to improve access to the images in each collection?

Recommended readings:

Austin, D. L. (1994). An image is not an object: but it can help. In A. H. Helal and J. W. Weiss (Eds.), Resource sharing: new technologies as a must for universal availability of information, (p. 277-294). Essen: Universitätsbibliothek Essen.

Beebe, C., and Jacob, E. K. (1998). Graphic language documents: structures and functions. In W. Mostafa (Ed.), Advances in knowledge organization, vol. 6. Frankfurt/Main: Indeks Verlag.

Berinstein, P. (1999). The big picture - Do you see what I see? Image indexing principles for the rest of us. Online 23(2), 85-86, 88.

Gazan, R. (2000). Whose truth? Context and meaning in digital image collections. Available at: http://skipper.gseis.ucla.edu/students/rgazan/html/rg287.html

Gombrich, E. H. (1992). The visual image. Scientific American, 221, 86-96.

Grund, A. (1993). ICONCLASS: On subject analysis of iconographic representations of works of art. Knowledge organization, 20, 20-29.

Hudon, M., Turner, J.M. and Devin, Y.. (2000). How many terms are enough? Stability and dynamism in vocabulary management for moving image collections. In C. Beghtol, L.C. Howarth and N.J. Williamson, Dynamism and stability in knowledge organization: proceedings of the Sixth International ISKO Conference, 10-13 July 2000, Toronto, Canada (pp. 333-338). Würzburg, Germany: Ergon Verlag.

ICONCLASS Home Page. (1999). Available at: http://www.iconclass.nl/

Lunin, L. F. (1994). Analyzing art objects for an image database. In R. Fidel et al. (Eds.), Challenges in indexing electronic text and images (p. 57-72). Medford, NJ: Learned Information.

O'Connor, B. C. (1991). Selecting key frames of moving image documents: a digital environment for analysis and navigation. Microcomputers for Information Management, 8, 119-133.

O'Connor, B. C. (1996). Pictures, aboutness, and user-generated descriptors. Available at: http://academic.emporia.edu/wcb/schools/SLIM/slim/boconnor/1/files/goodrum.htm