SVCs represent either ÅgclosedÅh or ÅgopenÅh systems
Closed SVCs are limited to a few outlets regardless of location or to many in a relatively small geographic area
An example of a closed-system SVC is the Ågmerchant- issuerÅh model system
The card issuer and the seller of the goods and services are one and the same
Examples include:
The farecard used by riders of the subway system in Washington, D.C.
Student smart cards or merchant credit cards
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